Dry skin
The most common reason for itching occurs when your skin’s protective outer layer, the stratum corneum, gets parched. Ceramides, special lipids that act as a barrier to your skin (both by keeping hydration in and foreign materials out), are likely in short supply. Scratching may provide immediate gratification, but it can wreak havoc on your skin’s already-compromised surface layer. “Your skin can form cracks and openings, which in turn can lead to infection,” says Sylvia Hsu, MD, chair of dermatology at Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine in Philadelphia. What’s more, harsh ingredients from detergents or beauty products could seep in and potentially make you allergic to formulations that you weren’t initially allergic to. Itch fix: Keep showers warm but not hot and seal up hydration in your skin by applying a moisturizing ointment or cream when your skin is still slightly damp. Here’s what else you should do if you have dry skin.
Insect bites and stings
When a mosquito dines on you, the immune system detects its saliva and launches an attack with a release of histamines—and it’s the latter that is the direct cause of the itching. Another common itch culprit is the chigger, a baby mite found in forests or grassy areas. Chigger bites release an enzyme into the skin to erode tissue; this causes the skin cells on the periphery to harden and itch. Finally, beware of the fire ant, notorious for attacking unsuspecting picnickers. A fire ant’s sting releases venom, which in turn triggers the eruption of itchy pus-filled blisters. Don’t scratch! In each case, says Dr. Hsu, “scratching can cause more inflammation.” Making matters worse, any time you nick the skin, bacteria can sneak in, leaving you open to infection. Itch fix: Chill out with an ice pack on the offending area. Over-the-counter anti-itch creams (like hydrocortisone) can help. And don’t forget to take a look at these tips for avoiding insect bites and stings before the next time you venture outdoors.
Wounds that are almost (but not quite) healed
Here’s the thing about cuts and scrapes—just as you’re on the mend, the spot in question starts to itch like crazy. It’s part of the inflammatory response, says Brian Kim, MD, co-director at Washington University School of Medicine Center for the Study of Itch, in St. Louis. But also, “when you break the skin, you also damage the nerves—and as they try to heal, their wires get crossed, which can cause the itching sensation.” If you scratch, you tear the delicate skin that’s trying to heal itself and you prolong the healing process or worsen scarring. More troubling, your nails house bacteria, which can crawl into the wound and lead to an infection. Itch fix: Cool sensations can help calm the itch, so try a cooling topical menthol, like the product Sarna.
Sunburn
As if the searing pain of sunburn isn’t punishment enough for failing to use sunblock, the itch sets in—an itch so aggravating, it’s also known as hell’s itch. As with other wounds, a sunburn also sends your body’s inflammatory response into high gear. While the nerves aren’t outright severed in this case, they do get riled up—which, in turn, leads to that dreadful itching. Scratching could break the skin, slow the healing process, and worsen the itch. Itch fix: Cool compresses and aloe gels can calm the itch from a sunburn, while cortisone cream helps ease inflammation.
Content continues below ad
Eczema
This umbrella term describes dry, rough, inflamed skin. Typically, though, it refers to atopic dermatitis, a condition in which the skin barrier fails to work properly. Whatever the cause, the effect is the same: That patch of skin gets ornery in the presence of certain triggers—fabric, fragrance, airborne allergens—and it goes bonkers with itchiness. Ignoring it is hard, but relentless scratching will only—you guessed it—make matters worse: in particular, you could end up with something called lichen simplex chronicus. “The skin gets thicker, darker, and more wrinkly,” says Dr. Hsu. And it feels even itchier and becomes even harder to treat. While this can happen with any sort of itch, it’s especially likely with eczema, when the itch (and therefore the scratching) is chronic. You may also be hit with prurigo nodularis, in which the scratched or picked skin develops into itchy bumps. Itch fix: Cool compresses and thick hypoallergenic creams can help, but if the itch is too much to bear, see your doctor. She can provide a strong topical steroid (to break through rough skin) and also suggest antihistamines to calm the inflammation and help you sleep at night. You should also try this miracle eczema fix.
Psoriasis
In this condition, an overactive immune system causes the body to produce skin cells in warp speed, so that new cells are pushed to the surface in as little as three days as opposed to the normal 28 to 30. Because the skin can’t shed fast enough to keep up, dead skin cells, which are red, flaky, and sometimes itchy, pile up. Fight the urge to scratch. “The parts of the epidermis that are above the dilated blood vessels can bleed when the scale is scratched or picked off,” says Dr. Hsu. Itch fix: As with other itchy conditions, moisturizing helps, but your doctor can also prescribe special psoriasis treatments, including ultraviolet light therapy and prescription medications. Avoiding these foods can also limit psoriasis flareups.
Contact dermatitis
A sub-category of eczema, this itchy condition erupts from either irritants (such as rubbing alcohol) or allergens (such as oils in poison ivy). Irritants break through the skin barrier and inflame it immediately. Allergens key up the immune system, and a red, itchy rash develops only days later, usually at the point of contact, but sometimes also elsewhere on the skin. Don’t scratch! You’ll risk the same ugly problems that crop up with other itchy conditions—namely, bleeding, infection, and a more intense itch. Itch fix: Wash away the offending substance (this includes laundering your clothes, too) in a detergent that you’ve not reacted to in the past, and avoid the substance in the future. Soothe the itch with a cool compress, over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream, and over-the-counter allergy medication. If you’re not sure what the trigger was, your doctor can do a patch test.
Dandruff
The white flakes may be embarrassing, but it’s the itchy scalp that can drive you mad. Technically, dandruff refers to the condition caused by a fungus called malassezia. It lives in everyone’s scalp, but for dandruff-prone folks, malassezia causes irritation and excess skin-cell growth. Scratching can worsen the inflammatory process already set off by malassezia, explains Dr. Kim. Itch fix: This one’s a typically straightforward fix. Shampoo with over-the-counter dandruff shampoos; they contain selenium or zinc pyrithione, which help manage that pesky fungus. If those don’t work, your dermatologist can recommend something stronger. Have an itchy scalp but no flakes? One of these 21 causes of itchy scalp may be the culprit.
Content continues below ad
Athlete’s foot
That burning itchiness you feel inside your shoe-turned-torture-chamber is also the work of a fungus—probably picked up from the damp floor of a shower, gym locker room, or swimming pool deck. In addition to scaly skin, especially between the toes, the soles get dry and your feet turn red. You really don’t want to scratch this one. Besides causing fissuring and possibly infection, you could potentially spread the fungus—and the brutal itch—to other parts of your body you inadvertently touch immediately after scratching, including the groin (jock itch, anyone?). Itch fix: Treat with an over-the-counter antifungal cream, and, if that doesn’t work, talk to your doctor about more potent solutions.
Hemorrhoids
This difficult-to-discuss condition refers to the vein clusters that lie just below the surface of the lower rectum’s mucus membrane and the anus. Sometimes these veins become swollen (typically from pregnancy or weight or straining during a bowel movement) and they leave excess itchy skin as they dissolve. Scratching only makes matters itchier. Itch fix: Over-the-counter hemorrhoid creams, witch-hazel pads, or ice packs can help. So can a sitz bath, in which you submerge your itchy bottom in warm water in the bath tub, especially after a bowel movement. Gently pat—don’t wipe—yourself dry. Excessive wiping and cleaning can cause itchiness in the area around the anus (a condition called pruritis ani). If it’s a rash that’s causing your itch, you’ll want to read these home remedies for itchy skin.
